Trad. & Indigenous Medicine

AVICENNA, UNANI MEDICINE & MATERIA MEDICA

14 Jahren
by in Trad. & Indigenous Medicine

Avicenna

www.ibnsinaacademy.org

Avicenna on Surgery

Systematische Übersicht der Materia medica homeopathica

Stiftsbibliothek Admont/Monastery Library

( Herbal garden, handwritten Materia Medica, Monastery Guide etc.)

Abū ‘AlÄ al-Ḥusayn ibn ‘Abd AllÄh ibn SÄnÄ‘, known as Abū AlÄ SÄnÄ(Persian: ابوعلی سینا) or, more commonly, Ibn SÄnÄ(Arabic: ابن سینا‎), but most commonly known in English by his Latinized name Avicenna (Greek: Aβιτζιανός, Avitzianós), (c. 980 – 1037) was a polymath of Persian origin and the foremost physician and philosopher of his time. He was also an astronomer, chemist, geologist, Hafiz, Islamic psychologist, Islamic scholar, Islamic theologian, logician, paleontologist, mathematician, Maktab teacher, physicist, poet, and scientist.

Ibn SÄnÄ studied medicine under a physician named Koushyar. He wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived. In particular, 150 of his surviving treatises concentrate on philosophy and 40 of them concentrate on medicine.His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and The Canon of Medicine, which was a standard medical text at many medieval universities. Read More: > HERE <

Materia medica is a Latin medical term for the body of collected knowledge about the therapeutic properties of any substance used for healing (i.e., medicines). In Latin, the term literally means „medical material/substance“. The term was used from the period of the Roman Empire until the twentieth century, but has now been generally replaced in medical education contexts by the term pharmacology. Read More: > HERE <

Ibnsina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences – Abu Ali Ibn Sina is a well-known personality among the physicians of Unani medicine and scientists of physical sciences since medieval times. To commemorate and to institutionalize an academy named after him, Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine & Sciences, was founded on March 1, 2000. The Academy has been registered under Indian Trusts Act, 1882 on August 14, 2000. Mr. M. Hamid Ansari, Vice-chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh formally inaugurated it, on April 20, 2001. Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India gave accreditation to the academy in 2004. The Academy is now a non-governmental, non-political and non-profit organization with multiple aims and objectives.

Abu Ali al-Hussain Ibn Abdallah Ibn Sina was born in 980 A.D. at Afshaneh near Bukhara. The young Bu Ali received his early education in Bukhara, and by the age of ten had become well versed in the study of the Qur’an and various sciences. He started studying philosophy by reading various Greek, Muslim and other books on this subject and learnt logic and some other subjects from Abu Abdallah Natili, a famous philosopher of the time. While still young, he attained such a degree of expertise in medicine that his renown spread far and wide. At the age of 17, he was fortunate in curing Nooh Ibn Mansoor, the King of Bukhhara, of an illness in which all the well-known physicians had given up hope. On his recovery, the King wished to reward him, but the young physician only desired permission to use his uniquely stocked library.

He was the most famous physician, philosopher, encyclopaedist, mathematician and astronomer of his time. His major contribution to medical science was his famous book al-Qanun, known as the „Canon“ in the West. The Qanun fi al-Tibb is an immense encyclopaedia of medicine extending over a million words. It surveyed the entire medical knowledge available from ancient and Muslim sources. Due to its systematic approach, „formal perfection as well as its intrinsic value, the Qanun superseded Razi’s Hawi, Ali Ibn Abbas’s Maliki, and even the works of Galen, and remained supreme for six centuries“. In addition to bringing together the then available knowledge, the book is rich with the author’s original eontribution. His important original contribution includes such advances as recognition of the contagious nature of phthisis and tuberculosis; distribution of diseases by water and soil, and interaction between psychology and health.

In addition to describing pharmacological methods, the book described 760 drugs and became the most authentic materia medica of the era. He was also the first to describe meningitis and made rich contributions to anatomy, gynaecology and child health.

Avicenna wrote 99 books, almost all in Arabic, the language of religious and scientific expression in the entire Muslim world at that time. However, two of his works, the `Daneshnameh-e-Alai‘ (Encylopedia of philosophical sciences) and a small treatise on the pulse, were written in Farsi, his native language. He wrote about natural philosophy and astronomy, theology and metaphysics, medicine, psychology, music, mathematics and physical sciences and he is also the reported author of Persian quatrains and short poems:

„Up from Earth’s Centre through the Seventh Gate I rose, and on the Throne of Saturn sate, And many a knot unravelled by the Road, But not the Master-knot of Human Fate.“

His philosophical encyclopaedia Kitab al-Shifa was a monumental work, embodying a vast field of knowledge from philosophy to science. He classified the entire field as follows: theoretical knowledge: physics, mathematics and metaphysics; and practical knowledge: ethics, economics and politics. His philosophy synthesises Aristotelian tradition, Neoplatonic influences and Muslim theology.

Ibn Sina also contributed to mathematics, physics, music and other fields. He explained the „casting out of nines“ and its application to the verification of squares and cubes. He made several astronomical observations, and devised a contrivance similar to the vernier, to increase the precision of instrumental readings. In physics, his contribution comprised the study of different forms of energy, heat, light and mechanical, and such concepts as force, vacuum and infinity. He made the important observation that if the perception of light is due to the emission of some sort of particles by the luminous source, the speed of light must be finite. He propounded an interconnection between time and motion, and also made investigations on specific gravity and used an air thermometer.

In the field of music, his contribution was an improvement over Farabi’s work and was far ahead of knowledge prevailing else- where on the subject. Doubling with the fourth and fifth was a ‚great‘ step towards the harmonic system and doubling with the third seems to have also been allowed. Ibn Sina observed that in the series of consonances represented by (n + 1)/n, the ear is unable to distinguish them when n = 45. In the field of chemistry, he did not believe in the possibility of chemical transmutation because, in his opinion, the metals differed in a fundamental sense. These views were radically opposed to those prevailing at the time. His treatise on minerals was one of the „main“ sources of geology of the Christian encyclopaedists of the thirteenth century. Besides Shifa his well-known treatises in philosophy are al-Najat and Isharat.

(mehr …)

Siddha, part of the 3 trad. Indian Medicines

14 Jahren
by in Ayurveda, Trad. & Indigenous Medicine

CITTAR TRADITION

> CITTAR TRADITON < > ANCESTORS ARANKAL <

www.siddha-medicine.org

> LIFE POSITIVE SIDDHA MEDICINE <

www.chindeu.eu

> NATIONAL INSITUTE OF SIDDHA <

The Siddha medicine is a form of south Indian Tamil traditional medicine and part of the trio Indian medicines – ayurveda, siddha and unani.

This is nearly 10,000 years old medical system followed by the Tamil People.This system of medicine was popular in ancient India,due to the antiquity of this medical system,the siddha system of medicine is believed to be the oldest medical system in the known universe. The system is believed to be developed by the 18 siddhas in the south called siddhar. They are the ancient supernatural spiritual saints of India and the Siddha system is believed to be handed over to the Siddhar by the Hindu God – Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvathi. So are the siddhars, the followers of Lord Shiva (saivam). Siddhar’s total nos are eighteen in themagathiyar is the first siddhar.

According to the scriptures,[which?] there were 18 principal siddhars. Of these 18, agasthiyar is believed to be the father of siddha medicine. Siddhars were of the concept that a healthy soul can only be developed through a healthy body. So they developed methods and medication that are believed to strengthen their physical body and thereby their souls. Men and women who dedicated their lives into developing the system were called Siddhars. They practiced intense yogic practices, including years of fasting and meditation. Read More: > HERE <

Siddha Medicine is the one of the Ancient System of Medicine which has been practiced in Tamil Nadu, India.

CITTAR TRADITION – As a common nom, siddha means “realized, perfected one”, a term generally applied to a practitioner (sadhaka, sadhu) who has through his practice (sadhana) realized his dual goal of superhuman powers (siddhis, “realizations” “perfection”) and bodily immortality (jivanmukhi). As a proper noun, siddha becomes a broad sectarian appellation, applying to devotees of Siva in the Deccan (Mahesvara Siddha), alchemists in Tamil Nadu (Sittars), a group of early tantrikas from Bengal (Mahasiddhas, siddhacarya), the alchemists of medieval India (Rasa Siddhas), and, most especially, a main north Indian group known as the Nath Siddhas (White 2004).

ABOUT SIDDHA SYSTEM OF MEDICINES – In the ancient period Indian saints handled the plants and herbs for long life with better health and lived more than thousand years of age. The sages were called Rishis in the North and Siddhars in the South and their systems were known as Ayurveda and Siddha.

According to Siddha predictions, it is known to the world that Lord Siva taught the Siddha principles and philosophies to Matha, Sri Parasakthi. After that the Siddha principles were presented to the followers of Lord Siva and Sakthi, to Siddhars, starting with Siddhar – Nantheesar, then to Siddhar Thirumoolar, Agathiyar and other disciples along with the 18 Siddhars and so on. When we go through the Tamil Literature, we can see several Siddhars like Agathiyar, Tholkappiyar etc. All the Siddhars adopted the principles of Saiva Siddhantham. It is an excellent philosophical theory to human beings with holy life. In all Siddhars, Agathiyar was considered the prominent leader with his later guru Lord Subramaniyar.

From the old Siddha literature we can understand that Siddhar – Agathiyar was first taught by Lord Siva, Sakthi and later by Lord Subramaniyar. Along with him we have Siddhars like Sattanathar, Korakkar, Kaalangi, Pulasthiyar, Theraiyar, Pulippani, Bogar, Konganavar, Machamuni and so on.

All the Siddhars taught their principles along with their well experienced medicines to their disciples under Gurugulavasa . They brought the secrets in the palm leaves manuscripts with several code words for their understandings. In later stages, those code words were not clear and were not known to the next generations except the followers of hereditary and traditional people of Siddha medicines. Most of their predictions are classified with several formulations which could be followed and adopted according to the land, climate, age, severity of the disease food and circumstances.

In general, single and even compound medicines are advised for the patients by knowing the pulse diagnosis methods, the variations of Naadi in their hands by means of Vali, Azhal, Aiyyan, or in other words called Vaatham, pitham and kapam, respectively. These three vital forces of cosmic elements are named under Three Thosham, or Mukkuttram and this is activated by the functions of Punchaboothas. The five major concept of Punchaboothas, are named as Nilam, Neer, Neruppu, Kattru and Veli, which are respectively in hands known as Prithivi, Appu, Theyu, Vayu, and Akash. According to this theory, all the substances in the universe are created under the actions or reactions of the Punchaboothas‘ functions only. Even for disease also, disease occurs in the living objects (body) by means of less quantity of the ratio of the Punchaboothas only. If the ratio differs from one to another any disease may attack the body (human beings, animals, birds, flies etc.) by the way of the deficiency of certain vitamins and minerals. Now a days several or some medicines affect the body and stimulate the curiosity of the disease to create another disease, this is also caused by the differentiation in the ratio of the Punchaboothas functions. Siddhars in olden days followed and adopted the principles for preparing all medicines like herbal, minerals and metals. They cautioned the administration of certain Basmas, and Sinduras, which are well oxidised stages of metals and minerals, and advised for intaking periods, diet restrictions, according to the age, climate and land etc.

Siddhars classified the diseases in different topics and accounted the total diseases for human body as 4448 diseases. They mentioned about the curable and incurable diseases along with the symptoms of the body and predicted the concerned, proper medicines also.

Siddhars‘ thoughts are derived to the medicines for curing toughest and chronic diseases like, cancer, brain tumours, blood cancer, cordiac diseases, Rheumatoid Arthritis, oesteo Arthritis etc. All the Siddha preparations are doing wonders from patient to patient with better ailments.

Now a days the trained traditional Siddha practitioners are doing well, even with the old highest proficiency processes which were kept by their ancestors and some people make challenges with other systems for healing and curing AIDS like diseases. Generally with this system several processes are there to improve the Haemoglobin as well as the immunisation of the AIDS patients without any side effects. More and more herbal preparations are predicted from one Siddhar to another with different kinds of Herbals. Very simple Herbal processes are advised by the Siddhars for the diseases like migraine, Sinusitis, Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, Gynaecological disturbances, Leucoderma and psoriasis, Asthmatic attacks, piles and pistula, Rheumatisms, Dental problems etc. Siddha system of science is the most effective, valuable system for the human beings in all occasions without any side effects. Everybody can follow Siddha system of medicine even for the whole family and even for the entire earth in all circumstances. Siddha System of Science is an everlasting principle to the world.

Siddha System presents the slogan, „Food is being medicine and medicine is being food“ to people.

Research on siddha medicine: http://www.siddha-medicine.org/ The present research on siddha medicine began in October 2005. It belongs to the international programme ‚Societies and Medicines in South Asia. Exploring the social construction of healing‘ instituted by the Department of Social Sciences of the French Institute of Pondicherry (see axis 4 of this programme)

SAVE GANGA, Water from Himalayan Glaciers, Biodiversity, Herbs <
UNCED Internationa Water Day < 20 – 22. March 2010
UN International Year of Biodiversity, friends studies at fb <
www.ifpindia.org/pdfs/soc_et_med_a bstracts.pdf

CHINDEU

Trad. Medicine Herbs in Tribal Communitys

14 Jahren
by in Ayurveda, Trad. & Indigenous Medicine

AVICENNA

www.ibnsinaacademy.org (Medevial Studies)

> INSTITUTE HIMALAYAN BIORESSOURCES, BIODIVERSITY <

> MINISTERY OF TRIBAL AFFAIRS <

> INT. CONFERENCE IN UNANI MEDICINE <

22-24th April, 2010

> AYUSH DEPARTMENT < of Ayurveda,

Yoga/ Naturopathy/ Unani/ Siddha and Homoeopathy

Unani or Yunani (pronounced /juːˈnɑːni/; YūnÄnÄ in Arabic, Bengali, Hindi, Persian, Pashtu and Urdu) means „Greek“, and has its origins in the Greek word Ἰωνία (Iōnía) or Ἰωνίη (Iōníe), a placename given to a Greek populated coastal region of Anatolia. Unani, part of the trio Indian medicines – ayurveda, siddha and unani.

It is used to refer to Graeco-Arabic or Unani medicine, also called „Unani-tibb“, which is based on the teachings of Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna, and the concepts of the four humours: Phlegm (Balgham), Blood (Dam), Yellow bile (ṢafrÄ‘) and Black bile (SaudÄ‘).

Unani medicine – Though the threads which comprise Unani healing can be traced all the way back to Claudius Galenus of Pergamum, who lived in the second century of the Christian Era, the basic knowledge of Unani medicine as a healing system was developed by Hakim Ibn Sina (known as Avicenna in the west) in his medical encyclopedia The Canon of Medicine. The time of origin is thus dated at circa 1025 AD, when Avicenna wrote The Canon of Medicine in Persia. While he was primarily influenced by Greek and Islamic medicine, he was also influenced by the Indian medical teachings of Sushruta and Charaka. Read More: > HERE <

IHBT is constantly striving to generate new knowledge to fulfill its mission of sustainable management of Bioresources in the himalayan region by adopting a multidisciplinary approach in R & D activities. The Institute has five Divisions engaged in research of high scientific impact.

The importance of medicinal plants in traditional healthcare practices, providing clues to new areas of research and in biodiversity conservation is now well recognized. However, information on the uses for plants for medicine is lacking from many interior areas of Himalaya. Keeping this in view the present study was initiated in a tribal dominated hinterland of western Himalaya.

The study aimed to look into the diversity of plant resources that are used by local people for curing various ailments. Questionnaire surveys, participatory observations and field visits were planned to illicit information on the uses of various plants. It was found that 35 plant species are commonly used by local people for curing various diseases. In most of the cases (45%) under ground part of the plant was used. New medicinal uses of Ranunculus hirtellus and Anemone rupicola are reported from this area. Similarly, preparation of „sik“ a traditional recipe served as a nutritious diet to pregnant women is also not documented elsewhere. Implication of developmental activities and changing socio-economic conditions on the traditional knowledge are also discussed.

Background – Out of the total 4, 22, 000 flowering plants reported from the world, more then 50,000 are used for medicinal purposes . In India, more than 43% of the total flowering plants are reported to be of medicinal importance . Utilization of plants for medicinal purposes in India has been documented long back in ancient literature. However, organized studies in this direction were initiated in 1956 and off late such studies are gaining recognition and popularity due to loss of traditional knowledge and declining plant population. Right from its beginning, the documentation of traditional knowledge especially on the medicinal uses of plants, has provided many important drugs of modern day.

Even today this area holds much more hidden treasure as almost 80% of the human population in developing countries is dependant on plant resources for healthcare .

In the interior areas of western Himalaya plants become the only source of medicine and well being. However, information on the uses of plants as traditional medicines has not been documented from various interior areas of western Himalaya such as Chhota Bhangal. Due to its remoteness and lack of modern health facilities dependence on plants for medicine is very high. Ironically, information on the uses of plants for medicine from this area is completely lacking. At the same time, the area is undergoing rapid transformations due to its recognition as an ideal paragliding site and is therefore becoming more market oriented. This can be seen in the changed cropping patterns of the local people. The role of market economy in depletion of traditional knowledge has been well documented in many parts of Himalaya . Thus many important leads to drug discovery may be lost in absence of proper documentation.

Keeping this in view, the present study was initiated, with an aim to identify knowledgeable resource persons and document their knowledge of on the utilization of medicinal plants in Chhota Bhangal area of western Himalaya.

Land and people – Chhota Bhangal represents one of the most interior areas of western Himalaya and is located in the hill state of Himachal Pradesh (HP). More than 3500 flowering plants have been reported from HP, of which almost 500 plants are believed to be of medicinal importance . Located between 32° N lat to 32° 7.77′ N and 76° 45′ E long to 76° 53.83′ Chhota Bhangal is a pristine area with good vegetation . The area is rich in forests that comprises mainly of moist Himalayan temperate forests with one or the other species of oak (Quercus spp.) in dominance. In some areas, dry Himalayan temperate forests dominate the vegetation. They mainly consist of Cedrus deodara intermingled with other tree species such as Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana. Rhododendron campanulatum and Betula utilis form the tree line in the area. The dominating under canopy flora includes Berberis lycium, Prinsepia utilis, Viburnum nervosum and a diversity of herbs and grasses. These forests form the catchment area of the Uhl river that flows through the region and forms the life support system of the Bhangalis. Bhangalis represent a tribal community of the Himalaya that are very God fearing and follow Hinduism. Though they can easily understand and speak Hindi (which is the national language of India), amongst themselves they communicate in pahari dialect. They are mainly agropastoralists and rear sheep and goats. During summer season (June to September) they migrate to their temporary settlements at higher regions (>3500 m) and during winters they return to their lower altitude settlements at 1800 m. In addition to livestock rearing, agriculture is the main occupation of Bhangalis. Wheat forms the main agricultural crop. However, under the influence of market, recently the cultivation of potato and French beans has increased in the area at the cost of indigenous crops.

Bhangalis are a repository of traditional knowledge especially on the utilization of plants for medicinal purposes. This can be easily understood from the following local sayings which are very popular in the area. „Bana, basuti te bare jethi houan thethi manu kian more“ meaning a man cannot die of disease in an area where Vitex negundo (bana), Adhatoda vasica (basuti) and Acorus calamus (bare) are found, provided that he knows how to use them. Similarly another verse that is common in the area is „Harad, bahera amla bich payi giloye, jithonye char chijan utho admi kyon moye“. It means that a person will not succumb to disease in an area where Terminalia chebula (harad), T. bellerica (bahera), Emblica officinalis (amla) and Tinospora cordifolia (giloye) plants are available. Recently the area has come up on the world tourism map because of its recognition as an ideal paragliding site. In addition to paragliding thousands of tourists visit the area for its scenic beauty and high peaks & passes.

Results – The study reveals that in absence of modern health facility people in the area depend on plants for medicinal purposes. Based on the initial reconnaissance survey and group discussions where emphasis was on identification of knowledgeable resource persons it was found that, information on the medicinal uses of plants now seems to be confined to elder people (above 40 years of age) only. Younger generation is ignorant about the vast medicinal resources available in their surroundings and is more inclined towards market resources. All the resource persons identified were in the age group of 40–55 years and all of them were familiar with the medicinal plants growing in their vicinity. It was also found that men knew comparatively more then females. Their could be many reasons for this, females have more household working pressure in western Himalaya and so they had limited time and secondly they could have been little hesitant while talking to us as we were an all male team. In all, the people use 35 different plants for curing various ailments, out of which 25 were herbs, 5 trees, 4 shrubs and one climber. In most of the cases (45%), underground parts were used for curing ailment followed by leaves and aerial parts. Stem and flowers were the least used plant parts. The information on scientific name, local name of the plant, plant part used to cure and method of dosage has been provided in Table 1. The specimen number of the plant that has been deposited in the herbarium (PLP) of IHBT has also been provided. The plants are arranged in alphabetic order.

Locally used medicinal plants – These plants were used for curing a total of 21 diseases ranging from simple stomach-ache to highly complicated male and female disorders. Even jaundice and kidney stones were treated by them. Maximum number of plants were used for curing female disorders and fever followed by joint pain, gastric problems and nasal bleeding. It was also found that a single plant may be used for curing many ailments such as, Artemisia sieversiana that is used both as an abortifacient and also for joints pains. Similarly Parthenocissus semicordata is used against leucorrhoea and piles. Though, majority of the plants are available in the vicinity of village forests, however, for some, that are found in the alpine regions, people have to cover long distances on foot sometimes more than 20 km. Aconitum heterophyllum that occurs above 3500 m in the alpine regions of Chhota Bhangal is used for curing stomach ache and fever and is one of the highly traded species. Its tuber are sold at a rate of Rs. 1500/kg in the area. Another important plant of the alpine region is Picrorhiza kurrooa. It is used by Bhangalis for curing joint pains and fever and the dried rhizomes of the plant are sold at a rate of Rs. 60/kg. Rheum australe also occurs in the alpine zone, the roots of which are used by Bhangalis for curing joint pains and swellings. The plant is traded from the area and the dried roots fetch a price of Rs 55/kg. Few plant species, such as Berberis asiatica, B. lycium, Prinsepia utilis and Rubus niveus are very common in the village surroundings. Berberis asiatica is used for curing jaundice while B. lycium is used against eye disorders. The root of both these plants also yields a yellow dye while the fruits are eaten. Prinsepia utilis also occurs in the open areas around villages and its roots are used for wound healing and as an antidote to poison. The roots of Rubus niveus are used for curing excessive bleeding during menses. All these four species are presently not traded from the area. A very common plant that occurs on rocks and boulders in Chhota Bhangal is Bergenia ciliata. It has very long and stout roots which are used for curing kidney stones. Cirsium wallichii and Rumex nepalensis are common around the temporary settlements of Bhangalis and are used by them. C. wallichii is used for curing gastric troubles while R. nepalensis is used as anti allergic. Ranunculs hirtellus that occurs in moist areas along water channels is used for curing swelling in testes. Anemone rupicola is also found in moist areas and is use against ear problems. In addition, five commonly occurring tree species namely, Aesculus indica, Grewia optiva, Pinus roxburghii, Prunus cerasoides and Rhododendron arboreum, are also used by the Bhangalis for curing various ailments. The fruits of A. indica are used in preparation of a nutritious recipe called „sik“. For this, after removing the seed coat, the fruit is washed and kept for drying. It is then powdered and roasted with ghee (clarified butter) till it becomes brown. Later sugar and water are added to it. It can be stored for 2 to 3 days. It is a pre- and post- pregnancy food for ladies. It is also used for curing excessive bleeding and pain during menses. The beautiful red flowers of R. arboreum in addition to being eaten raw as salad are used for curing nasal bleeding. Young leaves of the plant are considered to be poisonous. G. optiva and P. cerasiodes are used for curing joint pains. Oil is also extracted from the fruits of P. cerasiodes. Pinus roxburghii is used as diuretic.

Number of plants used for treating various diseases. – It was also found that people are hesitant to disclose their knowledge. It is this knowledge that provides them recognition in the society and hence they do not want to share it. In most of the cases, it was found that this knowledge has been orally transferred from one generation to other and at each level a bit of it has been lost. The people themselves say that, compared to them their forefathers knew much more. It was also found that the local people are concerned about the degradation of medicinal plants in wild. Due to recent shift towards herbal medicines the pressures on the resources have increased and the market is fast expanding. It is to be noted that nearly 130 medicinal plants are in heavy demand from Himachal Pradesh  and as already mentioned many important plants are traded from Chhota Bhangal.

Discussion – Many of the plants that are used by the local people in Chhota Bhangal find mention in ancient medicinal literature and are also used in different medicines systems such as, the Ayurveda and Unani.

Aconitum heterophyllum that is used by the Bhangalis for curing stomach ache finds mention in Ayurveda for curing stomach ache and fever. It is one of the main ingredients of „Ativishadi churna“, „Chandraprabha vati“ and „Amritarishta“ ayurvedic medicines. In Unani system of medicine it is an important ingredient of „Sufuf habib“ which is used for curing piles and also of „Ma’jun jograj guggal“ that is used against arthiritis . Similarly Picrorhiza kurrooa which Bhangalis use for joint pains is used for curing fever, jaundice, asthma, and leucoderma in Ayurveda. In Unani it is used for curing leucoderma and piles . It forms an important ingredient of medicine „Arogyawardhini“ which is used for treating hepatobiliary disorders  and of „Hepax“ which is useful in pregnancy anaemia . The overexploitation of A. heterophyllum and P. kurrooa for trade has lead to a drastic decline in their population and now both are endangered. Rheum australe is another important plant especially in the Unani medicine system where it is an important constituent of „Itrifal Mulayyin“ used for curing constipation; „Hab Shabyar“ used for curing headache, „Haba Shafa“ used against cough and cold and „Roughan aqrab“ used for piles . The plant also finds mention for curing diarrohea amongst livestock . Due to high extraction pressure and declining population, the plant has been designated as vulnerable . Berberis asiatica and B. lycium are used in Ayurveda and Unani for treating eye disorders incidentally the Bhangalis also use them for eye disorders. Similarly, Bergenia ciliata that is used by Bhangalis for curing kidney stones is used for curing urinary disorders, splenic enlargement, ulcers and dysentery in ayurveda. In Unani it is used against hydrophobia, splenic enlargement, mennorrhgia and liver disorders . It is one of the main ingredients of „Cystose“ drug that is used for cleaning urinary tract infections . During the surveys, it was observed that a large number of plants are used for curing female disorders compared to males. This can be attributed to the fact that unlike men, women are shyer and therefore find treatment in the community itself. The work load on them is also comparatively higher and hence they hardly find time to visit market places for treatment.

Unani medicine, like Western medicine (which also arose from the Greek background) owes its origination to Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.) and his numerous followers. Other Greek medical masters, such as Dioscorides and Galen, who we recognize as the forerunners of Western herbal medicine, are also considered founders of Unani medicine.

The adoption of Greek medicine into the Islamic culture was depicted by Husain F. Nagamia MD, Chairman International Institute of Islamic Medicine, and former President of the Islamic Medical Association, as arising in the ancient city of Jundishapur (near Baghdad). The timing of events is described in relation to rule of caliphs, the civil and religious leaders of Muslim states, who are considered to be successors of Mohammed.

In Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and other countries, there are hundreds of Unani Medical Colleges where Unani System of medicine is taught, in five and half year courses and the graduates are awarded BUMS (Bachelor of Unani Medicine and Surgery) or other degrees. There are about 10 Unani medical Colleges where a Postgraduate degree is being awarded to BUMS Doctors. all these colleges are affiliated to reputed universities and recognized by the Governments.

It is interesting to note that use of Ranunculus hirtellus, Rubus niveus and Anemone rupicola for the described medicinal purposes seems to be restricted to this area, as use of these plants for the said diseases could not be found in the literature perused for the western Himalaya . Similarly, preparation of „sik“ has not been documented in the literature for the western Himalaya.

Conclusion – It can be concluded from the study that Bhangalis inherit a rich traditional knowledge and documentation of this knowledge has provided novel information from the area. They still depend on the plants for medicinal purposes and are very much concerned about their degradation in wild as they now have to travel even more far to collect these plants. The incoming of roads and coming up of the area as an important tourist destination has allured the younger generation towards market economy, this certainly will have larger implications. Thus, the present documentation of traditional knowledge from an area where novel information has been generated will not only provide recognition to this knowledge but will also help in its conservation vis-à-vis providing pharmacological leads for the betterment of human society.

Acknowledgements – We thank the Director IHBT for facilities and encouragements. We are thankful to Dr. R.D. Singh for critical review and suggestions on the manuscript. Er. Amit Kumar and Dr. S. Rajkumar are thanked for fruitful discussions. We would also like to thank the various informants who shared their knowledge with us. The National Bioresource Development Board, Govt. of India is acknowledged for the financial support. FULL ARTICLE : > HERE <

TRAD. MEDICINE AND PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

14 Jahren
by in Ayurveda, Trad. & Indigenous Medicine

photo_naturalmedicine

www.rainforestinfo.org.au

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The Katkari are amongst the poorest people in India. A disenfranchised Adavasi or tribal group, legislated more than a hundred years ago by the British as a „criminal tribe“, they are largely landless and are enslaved in brickworks as bonded labour. Despite this, their spirit is strong.  This 21 minute documentary examines their plight, looks at one group trying to help them (Academy of Development Science) and appeals to the international community to help change their lot. It features unique performances by several Katkari musician.

An appeal to save the Katkaris : A Primitive Forest Tribe from Maharashtra, India – The Katkari tribal group is teetering on the brink of extinction. The Katkari community, a primitive forest tribe based mostly in Raigad and Thane Districts of Maharashtra, lives in abject poverty. Even in 2003 they continue to work as bonded labour for their „sheth“ (master). Their exploitation by non-tribals is total and absolute. They have been converted into a cheap and bonded labour force by their fellow human beings.

The police department harasses them at will and treats them like a „criminal tribe“. While the Indian Government would deny the presence of slavery, the Katkaris are slaves and much more. All development programmes, Government or Non-Government, bypass the Katkaris. >>> VIDEO: AN APPEAL FOR KATKARI < (Criminal Tribes Act of 1871…)

The life expectancy of Katkaris has reduced in recent years and the Katkaris, as a tribe, may be on their way out, unless urgent efforts are made to reverse the trend. While animals, plants, insects and even microbes attract a lot of attention (and resources) for conservation and rehabilitation, nobody seems to be bothered about the unique and unusual Katkaris.

An attempt is made here (it is unfortunate that this had to take on a „project“ form) to issue an appeal to the international community to save the Katkari tribe from extinction.

Academy of Development Science (ADS), in collaboration with NGOs and individuals in Raigad and Thane District, is striving to address basic survival issues facing the community. The process will hopefully emancipate Katkaris from slavery and bring about improvements in their socio-economic status.

Arunachala is a sacred mountain near Tiruvanamalai in southern India. Seen as a manifestation of the god Shiva, it is a site of great annual pilgrimage. Over the last 20 years, it has also been the site of much tree-planting. This 12 minute documentary tells the story of the formation of the Annamalai Reforestation Society (ARS) and examines the juncture between spirituality and practical environmentalism.

TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND PRIMARY HEALTH CARE  – Local health traditions (also termed traditional medicine or folk medicine) were once common in the tribal region.

Every village had atleast one sueen (traditional birth attendant) and more than one vaidu (folk practitioner).

There was also a large body of knowledge of simple home remedies. These Local Health Traditions (LHTs) were community-supported, autonomous, oral in nature, self-reliant and based on the use of local resources, mainly plants. For instance, there are reports of over 300 medicinal plant species being used by tribals in Raigad District for their primary health care needs.

Promotion of Allopathic medicine and utter neglect of traditional medicine by the Government and mainstream medical institutions has literally wiped out local health traditions prevalent in tribal regions. Academy’s efforts are aimed at revitalising local health traditions without disturbing their autonomy. Regular training programmes are conducted for vaidus, housewives and tribal youth interested in learning about herbal medicine. Village level aushadhikaran (medicine preparation) camps are organised to train women in simple processing techniques for the treatment of common ailments. ADS also organises training programmes on herbal medicine for NGOs, Community Groups, Schools, etc.

A dispensary and pharmacy have been set up on ADS campus for treatment of patients from nearby villages. The dispensary is managed by tribal vaidus. The pharmacy is engaged in processing of herbal medicines.

 A medicinal plants garden and nursery has been established on 20 acres of land in view of the unavailability of medicinal plants to people for health care needs. ADS has hence undertaken work on conservation and sustainable utilisation of medicinal plants. More than 450 medicinal plant species are growing in the garden. An ethno-medicinal herbarium, raw drug and seed museum have been established. Saplings of over 100 different medicinal plant species are raised and distributed every year.

A number of visitors, mainly school/college students, medical students, Ayurvedic doctors, botanists, etc. visit the herbal garden throughout the year to learn about medicinal plants.

ADS is engaged in building capacities of NGOs from other regions through training programmes on traditional medicine. A number of such NGOs are now involved in meaningful work on traditional medicine and primary health care. The concept is thus gradually spreading to other areas.

Over the past year ADS has been concentrating on the health problems of women and children using traditional medicine. A team of women health workers has been working in 20 villages for the treatment of gynaecological problems. The results are encouraging. This line of work needs to be developed further so that, women and children, who are a marginalised section within the tribal community, have access to better health care and nutrition. This is extremely important in the present context where a large number of malnutrition and starvation related deaths of small children are being reported from different tribal regions of Maharashtra.

ADS work on traditional medicine is acknowledged as a pioneering effort in the field of community health.

ACADEMY OF DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE
KASHELE POST, KARJAT TALUKA, RAIGAD DISTRICT
MAHARASHTRA 410 201
INDIA
email: ads@pn3.vsnl.net.in

  • www.arunachala-ramana.org ( + Free Books Downloads )
  • Ramana Maharshi,  MESSAGE NO.143., “‘ A SAINT SAILING IN SEA.““ <
  • 2.1 Traditional Medicine and Primary Health Care
  • 2.2 Ecological Agriculture and Agro-Biodiversity Conservation
  • 2.3 Meaningful Employment: An urgent need in tribal villages
  • 2.4 Natural Resource Management
  • 2.5 Horticulture
  • 2.6A Grain Banks
  • 2.6b Uncultivated Foods
  • 2.7 School Education
  • 2.8 Women’s Empowerment Initiatives
  • 2.9 Community Video
  • 2.10 Work with Katkari Community
  • Achievements

    •  

    Herbal Priests – Roots of Medicine Europe

    14 Jahren
    by in Pflanzen&Gewürze, Trad. & Indigenous Medicine

    herbal priest weidinger

     > INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL MEDICINE < 

     www.kraeuterpfarrer.at

    > WHO – CODEX ALIMENTARUS <

    > Medieval Monastic Gardens <

    > KRÄUTERLEXIKON, HEILPFLANZEN <

    > MAJOR EUROPEAN HERBS <

    by Subhuti Dharmananda

    Hermann-Josef Weidinger (* als Heinrich Anton Weidinger 16. Jänner 1918 in Riegersburg; † 21. März 2004 in Waidhofen an der Thaya) war Prämonstratenser-Chorherr, Missionar und in Österreich als „Kräuterpfarrer Weidinger“ bekannt.

    Die Bürgerschule besuchte er jenseits der Grenze in Frain (Vranov) an der Thaya im damals deutschsprachigen Teil Südmährens. Mit 18 Jahren fasste Weidinger, der sich bereits als Bub gerne im Kräutergarten seines Onkels aufgehalten hatte, den Entschluss, Missionar zu werden. Nach der Matura an der Aufbauschule in Horn entschloss er sich zum Dienst in der Mission und trat in den Orden der Salesianer Don Boscos ein. Nach kurzer Vorbereitung und Sprachschulung in Unterwaltersdorf und in Italien kam er 1938 in die Republik China, wo er Philosophie und Theologie studierte und das Buchdruckerhandwerk erlernte.

    Im damals noch portugiesischen Macao gründete er einen Verlag. Als Übersetzer bekannter Werke ins Chinesische machte er sich einen Namen. Nach medizinischen Kursen lernte Weidinger als Assistent eines Militärarztes die chinesische Naturheilkunde kennen. Read More: > HERE <

    Kräuter-Pfarrer Künzle – Mit seinen pflanzlichen Natur-Arzneien konnte Kräuter-Pfarrer Künzle viele Kranke heilen – oft auch dann noch, wenn die Schulmedizin bereits am Ende ihres Lateins angelangt war. Kein Wunder also, dass ihn nicht nur Menschen aus seiner Heimat aufsuchten, sondern auch Adelige aus aller Herren Länder, wie der König von Serbien, der Maharadscha von Idore aus Indien und viele andere mehr.

    Als Kräuter-Pfarrer Künzle auch Zustimmung von Kaiser Franz-Josef erhielt, fand er sogar Anerkennung bei jenem Ärztekollegium, das seine Arbeit verbieten wollte. Mit seinem enormen medizinischen Wissen und seiner herausragenden Intelligenz (8 Sprachen) konnte er schliesslich alle davon überzeugen, dass viele Gesundheitsprobleme mit seinen pflanzlichen Präparaten erfolgreich behandelt werden können. Er gilt somit als der Wegbereiter der modernen Phyto-Therapie (Pflanzenheilkunde) und war ein Vorreiter der Ganzheitsmedizin. …und heute sind seine phyto-therapeutischen (pflanzlichen) Produkte aktueller denn je. Mehr lesen:  www.kp-kuenzle.ch

    Swiss Priest Johann Künzle: > Major European Herbs < by Subhuti Dharmananda, Ph.D

    Kräuterpfarrer Hermann-Josef Weidinger wurde 1918 in Riegersburg geboren, mit 18 Jahren entschloss er sich, Missionar zu werden. Er trat in das Missionshaus Unterwaltersdorf ein, maturierte 1938 und fuhr noch im selben Jahr nach China. Anfangs arbeitete er im Pressebereich. Nach medizinischen Kursen lernte Weidinger als Assistent eines Militärarztes die chinesische Naturheilkunde kennen. Eine Malaria-Erkrankung beendete jedoch abrupt die Tätigkeit im Reich der Mitte. Weidinger trat in das Prämonstratenserstift Geras ein und wurde Pfarrer in Harth. Nach dem Tod des damaligen Kräuterpfarrers Rauscher im Jahr 1979 übernahm Weidinger die Leitung des in Karlstein ansässigen Vereins der Freunde der Heilkräuter.

    Heilkraft der Pflanzen seit Jahrhunderten bekannt – Schon Hildegard von Bingen beschäftigte sich mit der Heilkraft der Pflanzen. Die Heilkraft der Pflanzen war im Volk bekannt, in den Klöstern aber wurden sie sowohl intensiviert, als auch kultiviert.

    Hermann-Josef Weidinger, better known as Herbal Priest Weidinger, who died on Sunday, March 21, 2004, at the age of 86. He had studied European herbalism in his youth and traveled to China as a missionary in 1938, where he learned also of their herbal system; he returned from China in 1953. He continued his work as an herbalist and proponent of healthy lifestyle, writing some 40 books on natural health care. Until recently, he and 37 assistants prepared and prescribed herbal remedies in Karlstein, Austria, at the Paracelsus House Nature Cure Center.

    Tracing the history of European herbology – In all cultures, the origins of herbal medicine are lost in the mists of time. There is little doubt that humans used herbs for healing well before anything could be written about them. At some point in an advancing culture, written documents become the repository for knowledge that had been passed on from one generation to the next. Among the earliest such documents are those describing the religious beliefs of the people and those describing the medical practices.

    Many authorities recognize Hippocrates (460-375 B.C.) as the „father of medicine“ for the European tradition. He had little interest in the use of herbs. The primary focus of the Hippocratic School of Medicine was diet and nutrition and a reliance on calm, moderate living. These are the same foundations that herbalists such as Künzle put forth as the basis for healing .

    A summation of the Hippocratic approach was presented by Erwin Ackerknecht, in his 1968 book (revised from the 1955 edition) A Short History of Medicine, as relayed below. Naturopathic physicians today will recognize the opening description as the one adopted in the definition of their profession. Reference is then made to the conditions of apepsis and pepsis, referring, basically, to inability to properly digest (apepsis) or ability to properly digest (pepsis), which is likened to cooking of the food in the stomach, relying on an innate heat.

    To students of Asian medicine, this is a near perfect echo of teachings from India and China about the source of disease and the resolution of disease via invigorating this digestive fire and promoting the healthy function of the digestive system.

    The great philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) was the son of a medical man and a medical man himself, but his main influence on the development of European medicine was through his student, Theophrastus (380-287 B.C.), called the „father of botany.“ He was the first known author in Europe (and the rest of the world) of a classification system for plants with accompanying comments about their medicinal properties. He described about 450 different medicinal plants. However, this text has not come down through history, and is only noted in later commentaries.

    The first document of herbal medicine to attain the status of a medical classic in the European tradition was by Dioscorides (40-90 A.D.). Known as Materia Medica, a fifth century reproduction still exists, complete with botanical illustrations that were apparently added to the original text (carefully preserved in Vienna). > HISTORIC ISLAMIC PLANT MEDICINE <

    Dioscorides was a surgeon accompanying the armies of Nero. He traveled far, collected much information, and gained considerable medical experience as he went. His work was later adopted by Muslim physicians, leading to the development of Unani medicine (Greek medicine as retained in the Islamic tradition).

    Contributions of Herbalist Priests in Central Europe – Father Sebastian Kneipp (1821-1897) of Bavaria, is recognized as one of the leading contributors to the modern field of natural healing. He advocated exposure to nature: sunlight, baths, fresh air, and dips in cold water, eating natural foods (rather than processed foods), and having a positive mental attitude, as a means of recovering health, and this is an origin of the „spa“ movement in central Europe that remains vibrant today. He became convinced of the efficacy of this approach when, at the age of about 21, he suffered from tuberculosis and cured himself by these methods-particularly the „water therapy“-which he was said to have found described in the Vatican archives, though it may have been from another church library. After becoming a priest, he began making recommendations for sick parishioners.

    Kneipp had a strong influence on the development of naturopathy and herbal therapeutics in America. In 1892, one of those who sought out Father Kneipp’s help was Benedict Lust, a German who had immigrated to America, but then returned home after contracting tuberculosis. He was cured using Kneipp’s method of water therapy (along with healthy diet and herbs) and became convinced of its general usefulness. He returned to America to promote „Kneippism,“ starting schools, societies, magazines, health food stores, and sanitariums. Lust utilized the name naturopathy to describe the basic approach, and founded the American Naturopathic Association and the American School of Naturopathy.

    Künzle had learned from Kneipp as well as from other priest-herbalists (such as Father Ludwig, mentioned in his autobiography) and his work stimulated considerable interest in herbalism in Europe during the first half of the 20th century.

    In turn, Kneipp and Künzle both influenced the Austrian Hermann-Josef Weidinger (1918-2004). He had studied European herbalism in his youth and traveled to China as a missionary, where he lived from 1938 to 1953, and learned of their herbal system from a Buddhist monk and also while working with an army doctor.

    He returned from China due to illness and continued his work as an herbalist, writing numerous books on natural health care. Until recently, he and 37 assistants prepared and prescribed herbal remedies in Karlstein, Austria, at the Paracelsus House Nature Cure Center.

    FULL ARTICLE: > Tracing the history of European herbology <

    weidinger_china

    Kräuterpfarrer Weidinger in China

    NaturalNews.com is an independent news resource that covers the natural health and wellness topics that empower individuals to make positive changes in their personal health. NaturalNews offers uncensored news that allows for healthier choice.

     

    The History of (Tibetan) Singing Bowls

    14 Jahren
    by in Musik,-Takt & Tonlehre, Trad. & Indigenous Medicine

      goneforacurry.blogspot

    http://buddha.me/

    > TIBETAN SINGING BOWL HISTORY <

    > Klangschalenmassage <

    Singing bowls (also known as Himalayan bowls, rin, medicine bowls, Tibetan bowls or suzu gongs in Japan) are a type of bell, specifically classified as a standing bell. Rather than hanging inverted or attached to a handle, standing bells sit with the bottom surface resting. The sides and rim of singing bowls vibrate to produce sound. Singing bowls were traditionally used throughout Asia as part of Bön and Tantric Buddhist sadhana.

    Today they are employed worldwide both within and without these spiritual traditions, for meditation, trance-induction, relaxation, healthcare, personal well-being and religious practice. Read More:  > HERE <

    Bei einer Klangmassage, auch Klangschalenmassage, werden Klangschalen auf den bekleideten Körper aufgesetzt und angeschlagen bzw. angerieben oder direkt über den Körper gehalten, ohne ihn zu berühren. Auf diese Weise überträgt sich der Schall des erzeugten Tons auf den Körper. Dies wird als Vibration im Körper wahrgenommen. Die Klangmassage soll im Wellness-Bereich entspannend und beruhigend wirken und wird zum Beispiel bei Stress empfohlen. Im Esoterik-Bereich werden Klangtherapien angeboten, bei denen die Klangschalen in Zusammenhang mit den Chakras gebracht werden.

    Die Wirkung der Klangmassage wird zum einen damit erklärt, dass der menschliche Körper überwiegend aus Wasser besteht, das durch die Schallwellen in Bewegung versetzt wird. Dieser Effekt wirke letztlich wie eine innerliche Massage der Körperzellen. Körperliche und auch seelische Verspannungen und Blockaden sollen so gelöst werden.

    Wissenschaftliche Belege für diese Theorie gibt es nicht.

    Die andere Erklärung geht davon aus, dass bestimmte Töne, die durch Klangschalen erzeugt werden, den verschiedenen Chakren zugeordnet werden können und diese beeinflussen. Bei „Störungen“ der Chakren sollen diese dann mit Hilfe der Klangmassage harmonisiert und positiv beeinflusst werden.

    Der Autor Peter Hess ( www.peter-hess-institut.de / Sound Massage According to Peter Hess ®  ) vertritt die Theorie, dass die Töne der Klangschalen die Behandelten in einen tranceähnlichen Zustand versetzt; diese Wirkung ähnele Ritualen von Schamanen. In diesem Zustand seien Veränderungen auf körperlicher, seelischer und geistiger Ebene möglich.

     

    Burma VJ Nominated for the 2010 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature

    > A MESSAGE FROM RICHARD GERE <

    THE BEGGING BOWL, or alms bowl, is one of the simplest but most important objects in the daily lives of Buddhist monks. It is primarily a practical object, used as a bowl in which to collect alms (either money or food) from lay supporters…..  http://www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/things/begging_bowl.htm 

    Im Wellness-Bereich werden Klangschalen nach persönlicher Vorliebe ausgewählt; die Klangmassage soll einfach die Entspannung fördern.

    Bei einem so genannten energetischen Ansatz aus dem Bereich der Esoterik können Klang und Vibration der Klangschalen angeblich Blockaden im „feinstofflichen“, also seelisch-geistigen Bereich lösen. Mitunter versuchen die Klangmasseure, den Klang sowohl in die Aura als auch in die Chakren einzubringen, um diese „energetisch anzureichern“.

    Wissenschaftlich lässt sich dieser Ansatz nicht nachvollziehen.

    In der Körpertherapie kann, nach Aussagen der Therapeuten, die Klangmassage bei der Aufarbeitung von Traumatisierungen unterstützen. Die Klänge sollen in das „Körpergedächtnis“ vordringen und das Trauma lösen.

    Therapien dürfen in Deutschland nur von therapeutisch ausgebildeten Personen durchgeführt werden.

    Astrologisch orientierte Anbieter nutzen die mathematischen und astronomischen Herleitungen von Cousto, der die Umlauffrequenzen der Planeten durch Oktavierung in den hörbaren und auch sichtbaren Bereich gebracht hat. Bei Klangschalen, deren Klangspektren solche Tönen enthalten, spricht man von Planetenschalen.

    Zudem existieren Klangwiegen aus Holz, in denen sich der Patient hineinlegen kann. An einer Seite befindet sich eine Öffnung, sowie Saiten, die von dem Therapeuten gezupft werden. Außerdem kann die Wiege zusätzlich geschaukelt werden.

    Zum Ursprung – Der Ursprung der Klangschalen wird in Indien und im Himalaya vermutet, im Gebiet des heutigen Tibet. Es handelt sich um ein traditionelles Küchengeschirr.

    Die handwerkliche Fertigung der Schalen wurde in der Himalaya-Region zwischen 1900 und 1940 fast völlig aufgegeben.

    Im Westen entstand jedoch etwa in den 1980er Jahren die Überzeugung, dass es sich bei den tibetischen Metallschalen um „Klangschalen“ handelt, und sie lassen sich unzweifelhaft zum Erzeugen von Tönen verwenden.

    Dass die Klangtherapie eine uralte buddhistische Methode ist, was häufig in der westlichen Esoterik-Szene behauptet wird, lässt sich nicht belegen.

    Quelle: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klangmassage

    Rain_Singing Bowls

    Tibetan musicologist, Indo-Tibetan art expert and meditator, Rain Gray personally tests tens of thousands of singing bowls each year in the Himalayas to select the 1/2 percent which are awarded our Master-quality® label.

     

    African Traditional Medicine, Ethnomedicine

    14 Jahren
    by in SOCIAL PROJECTS, Trad. & Indigenous Medicine

    workshop african medicine

    www.treesforlife.org

     > www.paxherbals.net <

    > WHO – Traditional Medicine <

    ”Health through cultural heritage“

    http://ewumonks.org/

    > HERBAL AFRICA <

    Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous or folk medicine) comprises medical knowledge systems that developed over generations within various societies before the era of modern medicine. Practices known as traditional medicines include herbal, Ayurveda, Siddha medicine, Unani, ancient Iranian medicine, Islamic medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture, Muti, Ifá, and other medical knowledge and practices all over the globe. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines traditional medicine as: „the health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral-based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses or maintain well-being.“

    In some Asian and African countries, up to 80% of the population relies on traditional medicine for their primary health care needs. When adopted outside of its traditional culture, traditional medicine is often called complementary and alternative medicine. Herbal medicines can be very lucrative, generating billions of dollars in sales, but adulteration or counterfeit herbs can also be a health hazard. Read More: > HERE <

    HISTORY OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE – African Traditional Medicine is a mainstay of primary health care for the majority in Africa. About 80% of the population has relied on resources within their environment to survive since God’s creation.

    Plants, minerals and animals constitute the major natural resources ever used by mankind for preventative, curative and rehabilitative health in Africa. Like any other continent, these resources have been used for over ten thousand years by traditional health practitioners (THP’s), who acquired their knowledge and skills through observation, spiritual revelation, personal experience, training and direct information from their predecessors.

    THE ROLE OF EMERGED SCIENTIFIC TRADITIONAL MEDICINE SYSTEM: “ ETHNOMEDICINE “ – What is Ethnomedicine Science? Ethnomedicine is a multi-disciplinary field of study that draws on approaches and methods from both the social and biological sciences, culturally based biological and environmental knowledge, cultural perception and cognition of the natural world, associated behaviours and practices, concerned with the cultural interpretations of health, disease and illness, and also addresses the health care seeking process and healing practices.It is a study of cultural concepts of health, disease and illness, and of the nature of healing systems.

    Ethnomedicine has turned it’s attention to laboratory research, which has been made possible by the auspices of the World Health Organisation (WHO). In fact, the traditional medicine programme of the WHO was precisely thought of as an answer to renewed interest for population therapies and remedies, in view of possible identification and utilisation within national health services.

    African Medicine – the mother of medicines:

    „If we accept that Africa is the cradle of mankind and that the use of herbs is as old as mankind itself, it then stands to reason that African medicine is the oldest, most tried and tested form of medicine known to mankind. Further, to call it an alternative is wrong, since it formed the basis for other types of medicine practiced today – conventional, herbal, Chinese, etc.“ T/Dr R de Carvalho.

    History and Description – Ethnomedicine is a system that applies both art and science to help the human body to restore its health and well-being. It utilises natural remedies to activate the immune system. Herbs are used for cleansing, elimination and detoxification. Some are used to stimulate the body’s self-healing capabilities to counteract physical symptoms, whilst others may be used as a tonic to help the body’s immunity.

    • Vision – To manufacture and distribute an effective range of African herbal remedies and medicinal products that not only competes, but surpass its competitors.
    • To enhance and preserve the knowledge and wisdom of African herbal medicine.
    • To be a leader in the research and development of African herbal remedies and products.

    PAXHERBAL, MAGAZINE:  The aim of Pax Herbal Magazine is to re-assimilate, re-understand and re-express ancient African philosophy [indigenous knowledge] in light of modern, scientific knowledge [exogenous knowledge]. African Medicine, that is, the science of life, is at the centre of African philosophy. Life, for the African, is indeed the ultimate value. By exploring the multi-faceted dynamism of healing in Africa, Pax Herbal Magazine is championing a medical revolution that is all-embracing, holistic, African and global.

    The Science – After years of repudiating ancient wisdom, science is now validating the wisdom of the ancients.  Discoveries in quantum physics, radiology and electromagnetic force have changed the way scientists look at the world.

    Pax Herbal products are currently a high-flying brand because they are efficacious, affordable and available. Recently, though, the monks of St. Benedict Monastery, Ewu, Esan, Edo State, the custodians of Africa’s most sophisticated, scientific and full-blown herbal pharmaceutical industry and their dedicated staff have been bending over backwards to meet a snowballing demand for their products.

     

    YOGA, TREE AND OUR UNIVERSE

    14 Jahren
    by in Ayurveda, Buddha, Meditation, Medicine, Indische Götterwelten, Jyotish, Musik,-Takt & Tonlehre, Pflanzen&Gewürze, Sanskrit, Tantra, TCM, Tai Chi & Health, Trad. & Indigenous Medicine, Yoga

    Tree and our Universe

    > GORAKSHANATH <

    The Originar of Hatha-Yoga

    > ON YOGA AND MANTRA SIDDHI <

    Tree is the highest evolved form in plant kingdom. Man is the highest evolved species in Animal kingdom. Mushrooms are the best fungi visible on this planet. There is commonality of forms among all these highest evolved forms among different type of life-forms -Tree-like structure.Man is a cerebro-spinal being sheathed within a fleshy body. Most evolved form of cell is neuron that mediates consciousness is Tree-like structure. Surprisingly, most powerful thing that mankind achieved viz. atom bomb , produce Tree-like clouds after exploding on the surface.

    Tree-like structure in Nature!

    One can find out where else do Tree-like structure in nature exist. Pliny, the Younger linked the eruption of Vesuvius eruption in 79 A.D. with Italian umbrella pine. It is now an established scientific fact that the most powerfur process within earth, volcanic plumes that move inside earth is umbrella-shaped with a column & umbrella spinning about vertical axis( Tree-like). The most terrible force on the surface of the earth are the Tornados which are again Tree-like shapes with a column & an umbrella. Tree-like shape is found in other very powerful phenomena like lightening flashes, electric sparks, river delta, snowflakes, coral .

    Tree-like structure is characteristics of every visceral system. Biologists trace this form in the mosses, lichens, shrubs, root system, mammalian lung bronchioles, cells of nervous system, veins & arteries forming cardio-vascular system. Wheresoever there are branching system, that invariably culminate in a Tree-like structure.

    Tree & Fractal Geometry

    In last fortnight, a brilliant paper was published in ‚Advances in Soft Computing“, under the title“Algorithms for Tree-like Structure Generation“ by Anna Romanowska, a neuro-anatomist et al. The team characterised Tree-like structure as that form which bifurcates but do not form any cycles. The team picked up the concepts of fractal geometry & fused with algorithms to create a Recurrent Algorithm. Self-similarity and repetition of sequence( iteration) is generated by a bifurcating cascade. The team concluded that if living system are generated recurrently, complex organic structures like roots, bronchial system in lungs emerge.

    Now that an algorithm for Tree-like structure has been generated, it will be feasible in a decade to manufacture on mass scale silicon bronchial/ cardio-vascular/ neural system .

    Before the advent of Fractal geometry by Benoit Mandelbrot during 1970s, the question of Tree-like structure had perturbed many a great minds. Hisao Honda of University of Kyoto published a paper on “ Description of the Form of Trees by the parameters of the Tree-like body“ in the Journal of Theoretical Biology, May, 1971. Honda concluded that Tree architecture maximizes flow access. He found stastitical similarity in living & non-living world, among branching in living system & geological & geophysical system.

     

    TREE

    Morphic field & Morphic Resonance!

    Tree-form is found in lower kingdom of Animal as well as Fungi. Jelly fishes or the polyp, these are invariably shaped like Trees. The colonies of proliferating marine organism replicate this form. It is interesting that jellyfishes which have no neurons & man with maximum neurons are essentially same in shape. Great Scottish biologist, Sir D’Arcy Thompson wrote in 1917 „On Growth and Form“, to analyse patterns & shapes in nature. His erudite tradition sd being carried by Rupert Sheldrake, a British biologist. He has done extensive work on the concept of morphic field & morphic resonance. By morphic resonance, he explains the influence of Like upon Like by which a connection among similar fields is established. He has shown in his work example of crystallization. It is very difficult to crystallize a new compound for the first time. Once it is done, a morphic field emerge. It is easier next time if someone does elsewhere in the world. There is a cumulative influence & it gets easier & easier to crystallize the compound. There is an accelerated rate of crystallization . Similarly, in learning among rats, this phenomena has been experimentally confirmed. It is difficult for a rat to pass through a maze for the first time. But, once a rat does this, another rat elsewhere does it much easily. And with each learning , there is spontaneous spread of new habits. For Sheldrake, evolutionary spread of new habit is not genetic but depends on a kind of collective memory due to morphic resonance.

    This can be easily comprehended in case of human. It was very tough to manufacture clock or VCD or computer. More people are manufacturing, easier it is getting to manufacture. Watches, transistora & VCDs are now cottage industry. Who knows in future, robotics will emerge as similar kind of easily handled industry and there will be garages in every nook & corner of city to repair robots or even remodell robots by neighbourhood mechanic.

    Sheldrake further proposes the concept of the „Memory of Nature“. Habits of nature depend on non-local similarity reinforcement. Through morphic resonance, the pattern of activity in self-organizing system are influenced by similar patterns in the past. He brings back the idea of Carl Jung‘ collective unconscious.

    Examining Growth of Tree-Form!

    I find the concept of morphic resonance appealing. That can explain this frequent recurrnce of similar pattern in nature. If we ponder over the shape of DNA & its future. The fluid around earth’s inner core creates a helical movement and generates magnetic field. The geodynamo of the earth is a self-replicating system that help explain the continuity of magnetism in earth’s core , otherwise it would have dissipated within 20,000 years. Now, the transformatory biological molecule,DNA, is helical as well as self-replicating. Within geo-physical processes, we know that Tree-like plumes are created. Now, this geophysical structure resonates throughout future evolution of biological world. For every plume within, there is a tornado on the surface. This first form of powerful process recurs at the level of the most developed categories at various levels, may it be fungi, or plants or animals or cells. And, that form recurs in even man-made powerful processes like atomic explosions.Upon visualizing this sequence, I can very well predict that the most successful biological robots or most efficient spaceship for planetary travels would have Tree-like architecture. Our Discovery spaceship is a poor materialization of that critical architecture.

    Tree & bifurcation!

    This Tree-like structure itself is generated by recurrent self-similarity which results due to behaviour of a dynamic system. Now, the chaos theorists have worked out very well that how in a dynamic system , a stage of crisis is set in and at the point , there are two possibilities for the system to transform. Sometimes, the system oscillates between two possibilities as found in certain chemical clocks extensively investigated by Nobal laureate Ilya Prigogine.Most of the times, the branches grow further and then bifurcate. This is iteration of self-similarity that later results into Tree-like structures.

    If this kind of bifurcaing iteration is fundamental to our changing Reality which is dynamic, and there is morphic resonance, one can draw the contours of this phenomena of emergence of Tree-like structure at a higher level.

    End of biological evolution!

    The bifurcation, that determines DNA-replication to cell-division, has finally achieved its destiny in the biological world in the form of Human beings. We are the highest biological form and the biological evolution has now concluded. There is no further scope of biological evolution beyond us.Perfect biological bifurcating branching system has been achieved. Our lungs, our cardio-vascular system, neural system .. everything has emerged as mere consequence of cascading bifurcation. Surprisingly, we have greater number of most evolved cells viz. neurons (200 billions) which themselves replicate own form at macrolevel. The cerebro-spinal system is a magnified neuron. We are the only animal to walk on 2 legs. Penguins do perform but lack other binarities. We have two legs, two hands, two nostrils, two ears, two testicles, two mammary glands, two eyes, two kidneys, two hemispheres in brain, two atrium, two ventricles in heart, two excretory points, two lips, two jaws. Our thinking pattern is also binary. Our categories are in twos- good/bad, high/low,sacred/profasne, self/other… We donot yet understand that this duality in thought is rooted in hemispheric brain or in fractal geometry. There is no more bifurcation & branching possible in bodily architecture of human beings. This is the end-point of biological evolution. Now, mankind is on verge of developing biological robots & higher order machine consciousness therby imbuing consciousness to physical world bypassing the biological evolution. We are becoming the co-creator of the Universe as well as agent to accelerate self-consciousness of physical matter in the universe.

    Trees are our cousin!

    Now, the issue of Tree-like structure resonates into our collective psyche. Tree is the source of wisdom, healing, nourishment, power. Bible myth has Tree . Newton discovered moodern science sitting under an apple Tree. Buddha discovered non-theistic self-awareness sitting under a peepul Tree. In Tibetan tradition, powerful meditation requires visualizing Tree of lineage with various Gurus on different branches. These kind of visualization has transformative effect on our consciousness. In every culture, Tree occupies a significant position in rituals & mythology. We feel special feeling with Tree. Our romantic mood, our wisdom, contemplative mood, aesthetic mood.. orbit around physical & metaphoric Tree. Tree have power to transmit some kind of healing power to us. Tree are the source of healing body through fruits & herbal medicine . Tree heals our body, mind as well as soul, if any. The processes involved may be a kind of morphic reonance that vitalizes self-similar cardio-vascular, respiratory & neural system.Trees are our morphic cousins. We feel guilty & hurt when trees are cut or when those are under environmental threat.

    Future?

    One thing is certain. Future robots & spaceships which would be most efficient to survive would have Tree-like architecture. We would have very little to do with blooming of age of nanotechnology, biotechnology & Artificial intelligence. Successful creation of algorithm for Tree-like structure has made it more likely that artificial human organs can be manufactured at industrial level. When death will be conquered after successful download of Memories & large scale diffusion of bionics, We would have enough time to resonate with biological Trees in solitude & steer mankind towards a spiritual evolution as biological evolution from DNA-pathway has reached a dead end!

    (Niraj,1.11.2009)

    Galangal, TCM, Western Plants in Medicine

    14 Jahren
    by in Ayurveda, Buddha, Meditation, Medicine, Pflanzen&Gewürze, TCM, Tai Chi & Health, Trad. & Indigenous Medicine

    alpinia officinarum-s

    > Zhejiang University (ZJNU)<

    > GALGANT , HILDEGARD´s MEDICINE <

    > LI SHI ZEN PRIVATUNIVERSITÄT <

    > Zingiber off. – Naturheilkunde EU(+Yoga) <

    > TCM mit westlichen Pflanzen <

    > Kleiner Galgant, Chinesisch 山奈 <

    The Galangal plant (Galanga, Blue Ginger) is a rhizome with culinary and medicinal uses. (Lao: ຂ່າ „Kha“; Thai: ข่า „Kha“; Malay: lengkuas (Alpinia galangal); Traditional Mandarin: 南薑 or 高良薑; Simplified Mandarin: 南姜 or 高良姜; Cantonese: lam keong, 藍薑; Vietnamese: Riềng).

    It is used in various oriental cuisines (for example in Thai cuisine Tom Yum soups and Dtom Kha Gai, Vietnamese Huenian cuisine (Tre) and throughout Indonesian cuisine, for example, in Soto). Though it is related to and resembles ginger, there is little similarity in taste. Alpinia galanga is also known as Chewing John, Little John Chew and galanga root. It is used in African-American folk medicine. Read More: > Here <

    Lesser galangal or Alpinia officinarum (synonym Languas officinarum) is a plant in the ginger family and native to China, growing mainly on the southeast coast. It is also grown in India which is the second largest exporter of the rhizome. The rhizome was widely used in ancient and medieval Europe.

    The rhizome is smaller than greater galangal. The skin and the flesh are reddish brown whereas greater galangal has light yellow or white flesh. It was preferred to greater galangal because of its stronger, sweeter taste with notes of cinnamon. Its use in Europe has dramatically declined, however, and is now only used in Eastern Europe. It is used in Russia for flavoring vinegar and the liqueur Nastoika. It is still used as a spice and medicine in Lithuania and Estonia. In Central Asia, Tartars prepare a kind of tea that contains it. The spice used in South Eastern Asia which often goes by the name of „Lesser Galangal“ is actually Kaempferia galanga.

    The word lesser galangal properly refers to Alpinia officinarum. In common usage, however, it is also applied to Kaempferia galanga, also called Kencur, Sand ginger, Aromatic Ginger or Resurrection Lily. Kaempferia Galanga, which is grown for medicine and as a spice, is an almost stemless plant that develops its few short-lived leaves and the flower at ground level, whereas the stem of A. officinarum is two to four feet high.

    Galangal appears to have been used in China during antiquity. It is mentioned in the Ayur-Vedas of Susrutas, also by Plutarch. The Arabian physicians used it for medicinal purposes and thus, no doubt, assisted in its introduction into western Europe. Thus Rhazes, Avicenna, Alkindi and other physicians who lived during the 9. and 10. centuries, mention galangal in their writings as an esteemed remedy.
     
    Its importation is reported in the 9. century by the Arabian geographer Ibn Kurdadbah, and in the beginning of the 12. century by the Sicilian geographer Edrisi, In the Delia decima etc., a commercial treatise of the first half of the 14. century by the Florentine merchant Pegolotti, galangal is described as occuring in two varieties, viz., the light and the heavy.
     
    Marco Polo reports on the cultivation of the plant in China and Java. In 1563 Garcia da Orta, a physician in Goa, describes two varieties of galangal, a smaller variety coming from China, and a larger one from Java. The first good illustration was published by Rumpf in 1754.
     
    In German literature the rhizome is found as early as the 8. century and is mentioned as a medicinal drug. Galangal also occurs as one of the ingredients of a prescription found in a medical manuscript of the 8. century in the library of the University of Würzburg. It is also mentioned in a formulary of the 9. century by Bishop Salomo III of Constance. Its medicinal virtues are praised by Matthseus Platearius, a Salernitan scientist of the 12. century, and by Hildegard, abbess of Bingen.
    Galangal found a place in the Dispensatorium Nor/cum, but its volatile oil appears to have been distilled later. It is first mentioned in the municipal price ordinance of Frankfurt-on-the-Main in 1587. OIL OF GINGER. Ginger appears to have been used as a spice by the Chinese and the Indians. It is mentioned repeatedly in Chinese medical treatises, in the > AYUR-Vedas of SUSRUTA < , also in Sanscrit literature and later in the Talmud.
     
    The Greeks and Romans obtained ginger via the Red Sea and hence regarded Arabia as its geographic source. In the 3. century, however, it was counted among the Indian products brought via the Red Sea and Alexandria. Ginger was one of the favorite spices of the Romans. Apparently it was introduced into Germany and France during the 9. century and into England during the 10. century.
     
    A better understanding as to the geographical source of ginger was obtained by Marco Polo, Pegolotti, Barbosa and Niccolo Conti on their voyages along the coast and among the islands of southwestern Asia. As early as the 13. century ginger entered the market either fresh (zenzeri verdi), preserved with sugar (giengiaro confetto) or dried. For a long time Alexandria was the principal port for the purchase of this delicacy.
     
    REFERENCE BOOK: Title The Volatile Oils Vol1, Author E. Gildemeister, Publisher John Wiley And Sons, Year 1913, Copyright 1913, E. Gildemeister Amazon > The Volatile Oils <

    BALI Inst., Global Healing, Youth in Action

    14 Jahren
    by in SPIRITUAL JOURNEYS, NEWS, Trad. & Indigenous Medicine

      Desmond tutu Global Healing II Trailer

    > GLOBAL HEALING II TRAILER <

     www.baliinstitute.org

    www.globalyouthinaction.org

    > Articles about Africa´s Trad. Med. <

    www.questforglobalhealing.org

    You Are Invited to Bali…..,  to join an extraordinary gathering of concerned global citizens, business leaders, academics and other innovative thinkers in a quest towards a more collaborative, peaceful and sustainable future for humankind and the planet. This unique gathering is designed for individuals concerned about where the world is heading, and who want to be part of the solution. QUEST FOR GLOBAL HEALING is an opportunity to step forward and define your own commitment to help change the world.

    DESMOND MPILO TUTU (born 7 October 1931) is a South African cleric and activist who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. In 1984, Tutu became the second South African to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Tutu was the first black South African Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa, and primate of the Church of the Province of Southern Africa (now the Anglican Church of Southern Africa). Tutu chaired the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and is currently the chairman of The Elders. Tutu is vocal in his defence of human rights and uses his high profile to campaign for the oppressed. Tutu also campaigns to fight AIDS, tuberculosis, homophobia, poverty and racism. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984, the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism, the Gandhi Peace Prize in 2005 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009. Tutu has also compiled several books of his speeches and sayings. Read More: > HERE <

    Bali Institute for Global Renewal (BIGR) is the first world learning center that engages multicultural leadership and facilitation training, deep dialogue, indigenous wisdom, global consciousness, intergenerational activism and other action-oriented skills and training that empowers individuals, groups and organizations in their quest to make a difference in the world. BIGR includes a consortium of international organizations, corporations, NGOs, universities, thought leaders and consultants who are invested in advancing new forms of leadership training, intergenerational collaboration, nonviolent conflict resolution and social activism as part of a worldview that promotes a sustainable, humane and culturally-diverse life for all.

    BIGR will be offering an array of programs created and produced by the Institute as well as education and trainings offered by its partners.

    What is Global Youth in Action?  Global Youth in Action (GYIA) is a series of gatherings and programs that provide multicultural, intergenerational community building, leadership training, deep dialgoue, indigenous practices and experiential field work, all focused on helping empower individuals around the world to be more engaged in their own quest to become more socially active in healing our planet.

    GYIA focuses on empowering emerging leaders to gain confidence, skills, resources and support to launch their own initiatives around sustainable social and transformational action. Our goal is for individuals to establish a committed action plan through collaborative efforts, along with a follow-up support network that will allow the necessary infrastructure to continue their work.

    The program design is crafted by an international coalition of thought leaders and consultants who focus on dialogic processes and authentic leadership practices for results-oriented outcomes. Programs are hosted in indigenous cultures to enhance learning and growing from a deeper perspective.

    How did we get here ? The first GYIA program originated as part of the Quest for Global Healing (QGH) Conferences held in Bali in 2004 and 2006. With Nobel Peace Laureate Desmond Tutu as the honorary chairman, over 1000 participants from 40 countries have come together over the two years with the desire to step forward and define their own individual commitments to help change the world.

    GYIA was specifically designed as a pre-program to QGH that offered young leaders (ages 17 to 30) an opportunity to engage in multi-cultural dialogue and collaborative learning about social activism for the new century. More than 90 youth from 16 countries brought their unique perspectives, energies, insights and deep passion to commit to a more global vision for change.

    Countries represented included Peru, Thailand, Indonesia, China, France, Tunisia, South Africa, Norway, Canada, Australia, India, Laos, and the US.

    Experience the Balinese Culture GYIA offers the opportunity to be immersed into the indigenous realm of Bali, to build a stronger link between the East-West perspectives on shifting world views. Highlights include Balinese performances and rituals throughout the gathering as well as spending time with local Balinese village leaders and youth.

    When attending GYIA programs, participants live in homestays with Balinese families, allowing a glimpse of true community living.

    Why Bali? The island and culture of Bali serves as the integral component of these programs. The foundation of this work has been based on the belief that Bali, unlike any other cultural environment in the world, will grow to be the hub for important dialogues, action-oriented multicultural/intergenerational experiences, and transformative social change.

    Bali is one of the most peaceful, beautiful places on earth. It’s an ideal location for people from every part of the planet to explore new roles they can play in addressing major global issues. This rich culture has much to share with citizens of our shared planet about learning to heal, forgive and live harmoniously with one another and our beloved earth. Balinese rituals and arts all play a role in this new kind of learning. Delegates attending our sessions will encounter the unusual way Balinese ceremony and performance converge with deepening dialogue and action-orient planning. All of the BIGR programs incorporate Balinese experiences, both linear and non-linear, into the transformative curriculum.

    Highlights of these conferences included:

    • More than 1,300 people from 40 countries have attended
    • Deep, thoughtful dialogue
    • Personal dialogue with world leaders and visionaries
    • Spiritual awareness beyond the religious divide
    • Intergeneration, multicultural dialogue and wisdom sharing
    • Personal commitments to do something when returning home
    • Insights and personal growth
    • Shifting of values
    • Immersion of culture, spiritual connection and social activism
    • Global insights
    • Networking with a global community
    • Post-conference gatherings
    • Numerous actions including fundraising for schools, donations to families and health clinics, ongoing global networking, job openings, and more

    PODS – Personalized Leadership Training:

    Transformative Education, Social & Political Leadership – „World-mindedness“ is no longer a luxury, but a necessity for survival in this new century. Diverse viewpoints and perspectives are critical for this generation of constructive change on a global scale. Pioneering global facilitators in this pod will connect around their shared commitment to making a difference in education, social services and political agendas and thereby initiate the transformation of perspectives and worldviews toward a sustainable, compassionate world.

    Language of the Soul: Spirituality, Healing, Medicine, and Indigenous Wisdom. – The majority of religions and cultural traditions consider disease and illness to be a fundamental part of the human condition. Spiritual factors associated with healing are increasingly being acknowledged. Illness is beginning to be deeply understood as unique language to awakening or consciousness. This pod will explore healing, medicine, spirituality and indigenous wisdom as doorways to global healing as well as a tool for activism.

    Media as Activism: Media, Film, Journalism, Performance and Visual Arts – Culture is often defined by its media and art. Challenging mainstream media and building independent cultural voices are equally important components of media activism. This pod will explore how current and future art, performances and the use of media technology affect our world-view, sense and global cultural values.

    Global World of Business and Nonprofits– Citizens and non-profit organizations can play an active role in shaping the future of our global economy. The emergence of a global civil society based upon partnership principles is now considered one of the real hopes to democratize the global political economy. In this pod we will work together to re-imagine global trade rules, how to inspire corporations to be accountable to people’s needs, exchange shared ideas for building strong and free labor, and how to promote fair and environmentally sustainable alternatives.

    Deep Ecology, Environment and Sustainability Advocacy – The flourishing of human and nonhuman life on Earth has intrinsic value that should be shaping our environmental policies. Those who work for social change based on this recognition are motivated by love of nature as well as humanity. The Balinese emphasis on the relationship between humanity, the environment and spirituality is a model for our deep inquiry. In this pod we will explore how the needs of humanity can be balanced with environmental sustainability and survival of our shared planet.

     

    > Meet BALI INSITUTE for Global Renewal, friends, studies at fb <

    > Meet GOPIO  Global Organization of People of Indian Origin at fb <

    > Meet MIND and LIFE Institute, friends, studies at fb <

    > Miriam Makeba, friends, fans, group at fb <

    > MIRIAM MAKEBA TRUST * <

    * South Africa’s Legendary Musical Sensation, Grammy Award Winner and United Nations Ambassador. On the continent, we simply call her Mama Africa.

     

    ISLAMIC PLANT MEDICINE AND HISTORY

    14 Jahren
    by in Pflanzen&Gewürze, Trad. & Indigenous Medicine

    De Materia Medica

    Khawass al-Ashjar, Arabic version of De Materia ­Medica.

    www.islamicmedicine.org/natural.htm

    ISLAMIC PLANT MEDICINE

    Medicine in medieval Islam

    INT. MEVLANA FOUNDATION

    Int. Society for the History of Islamic Medicine

    Pedanius Dioscorides (Greek: Πεδάνιος Διοσκορίδης; ca. 40-90) was an ancient Greek physician, pharmacologist and botanist from Anazarbus, Cilicia, Asia Minor, who practised in ancient Rome during the time of Nero. He had the opportunity to travel extensively seeking medicinal substances from all over the Roman and Greek world. Dioscorides wrote a five-volume book in his native Greek, Περί ὕλης ἰατρικής (De Materia Medica in the Latin translation; Regarding Medical Matters) that is a precursor to all modern pharmacopeias, and is one of the most influential herbal books in history. In fact, it remained in use until about CE 1600. Unlike many classical authors, his works were not „rediscovered“ in the Renaissance, because his book never left circulation. The De Materia Medica was often reproduced in manuscript form through the centuries, often with commentary on Dioscorides‘ work and with minor additions from Arabic and Indian sources, though there were some advancements in herbal science among the Arabic additions. The most important manuscripts survive today in Mount Athos monasteries. DE MATERIA MEDICA is important not just for the history of herbal science: it also gives us a knowledge of the herbs and remedies used by the Greeks, Romans, and other cultures of antiquity. The work also records the Dacian and Thracian names for some plants, which otherwise would have been lost. The work presents about 600 plants in all, although the descriptions are obscurely phrased. Duane Isely notes that „numerous individuals from the Middle Ages on have struggled with the identity of the recondite kinds“, and characterizes most of the identifications of Gunther et al. as „educated guesses“. Read More: > HERE <

    Medicine was the first of the Greek sciences to be studied in depth by Islamic scholars. During the ninth century and into the tenth, the spiritual head of Islam, Harun al-Rashid (of Arabian Nights fame), and his son, al-Ma’mun, sent embassies to collect Greek and other scientific works from throughout the region. These were taken to the “House of Wisdom,” where the entire body of Greek medical texts, including all the works of Galen, Oribasius, Paul of Aegina, Hippocrates, and Dios­corides, were translated into Arabic—manuscripts so important that one of the translators was paid for each translation by its equivalent weight in gold.

    Arab pharmacopoeia came from so many sources—as far afield as China, Southeast Asia, the Himalayas, southern India, and West Africa—it was enormous. In his second volume of the Canon of Medicine, Ibn Sina (a.d. 980–1037, also known as Avicenna) describes 235 remedies, of which 97 still appear in the official British Pharmacopoeia, as well as 760 medicinal plants and their uses. Ibn Sina also laid out the rules that are the basis of clinical trials today.

    The search for cures in the natural world stemmed directly from the Prophet Mohammed, who taught that “God has provided a remedy for every illness.” Mankind, Mohammed said, must seek out those remedies, learning to use them with skill and compassion.
    Islamic knowledge of medicinal substances was originally based on the 500 substances described by the first-century Greek physician Dioscorides in his De Materia Medica, a reference book that is still used today. To this book, Muslim scholars added herbs that grew on the Arabian Peninsula and those imported from India, Persia, and China.

    Sesam Oil and tamarind not only used in Ayurveda: Like most medieval medicine, the Islamic viewpoint was an outgrowth of Galen’s Humoral Theory and focused on the need to balance the humors, or bodily fluids.

    Cathartics, purges, and laxatives were considered essential to this goal. The most popular herb—an enduring favorite today—was senna, a low bush with small yellow flowers, greenish yellow leaves, and fat seed pods. The leaves have a distinctive smell, and the infusion made from them has a nauseatingly sweet taste; taken alone, the infusion does indeed produce nausea. The Arabs calmed both taste and effect by adding aromatic spices.

    The Arabs also introduced manna and tamarind as safe, mild, and reliable laxatives. Scammony, a climbing plant of the morning glory family that has thick roots with medicinal value, was a controversial herb in Europe, where some practitioners declared its violent laxative action unsafe to use under any conditions, while others said they could not function without it. Islamic pharmacists responded by devising a reliable preparation to temper the herb’s ferocity but retain its potency. They did this by first boiling the scammony root inside a fruit called a quince; the scammony was then discarded and the quince pulp mixed with the soothing, gooey seeds of psyllium. The preparation was known as “diagridium.”

    Formulation developed into an art involving many steps and ingredients. Ar-Razi, Islamic medicine’s greatest clinician and most original thinker, combined bitter almonds with an ounce of raisin rob, or pulp, to treat kidney stones. For the same ailment, a clinician named Haly Abbas recommended boiling jujubes, fruits of sebesten, white maude, and seeds of smallage, fennel, caltrop, and thyme.

    In addition to compounds, the Arabs valued hundreds of simple herbal remedies. They used sesame oil to relieve coughs and soften rawness of the throat. Juice from the stalk and leaves of the licorice plant was considered good for respiratory problems, swollen glands, and clearing the throat, whereas the root was used to treat foot ulcers and wounds.

    Myrrh, primarily known in the West as a gift from one of the Three Wise Men, was highly valued for its medicinal properties as an astringent and was also used to treat dyspepsia, chronic bronchitis, leukorrhea, and as a topical application in gum disease. In fact, it is a primary ingredient in many commercial mouthwashes today.

    An Ancient Tradtion survived: Arab pharmacology was not only extensive but also the strongest empirically based biological science. Ibn Sina’s Canon laid out the basic rules of clinical drug trials, ones that are still followed today: A drug being tested must be pure, and it must work on all cases of the disease. Testing in humans, with careful notation of the drug’s effectiveness under different conditions, was the necessary final step. Observation and experimentation were the sole determinants of the value (or lack of value) of a potential treatment.

    Not surprisingly, when Europe began to stir from a thousand years of intellectual slumber, it turned to the Islamic world. It was no coincidence that Salerno, Europe’s first great medical center, was close to Arab Sicily, or that the first outstanding medical university, Montpellier, was located in southern France, near the Andalusian border.


    TURMERIC – THE AYURVEDIC SPICE OF LIFE

    14 Jahren
    by in Pflanzen&Gewürze, Trad. & Indigenous Medicine

    Spice´s of Bazar

    > WIENER NASCHMARKT, the stomach of vienna <

    > SPICE´s TIMELINE <

    > WHAT IS A BAZAR ? <

    > TRADITIONAL ISLAMIC MEDICINE <

    > BRIEF HISTORY OF SPICE´s <

    The earliest evidence of the use of spice by humans was around 50,000 B.C. The spice trade developed throughout the Middle East in around 2000 BC with cinnamon and pepper. The Egyptians used herbs for embalming and their need for exotic herbs helped stimulate world trade. In fact, the word spice comes from the same root as species, meaning kinds of goods. By 1000 BC China and India had a medical system based upon herbs. Early uses were connected with magic, medicine, religion, tradition, and preservation. A recent archaeological discovery suggests that the clove, indigenous to the Indonesian island of Ternate in the Maluku Islands, could have been introduced to the Middle East very early on. Digs found a clove burnt onto the floor of a burned down kitchen in the Mesopotamian site of Terqa, in what is now modern-day Syria, dated to 1700 BC. In the story of Genesis, Joseph was sold into slavery by his brothers to spice merchants. In the biblical poem Song of Solomon, the male speaker compares his beloved to many forms of spices. Generally, Egyptian, Chinese, Indian, and Mesopotamian sources do not refer to known spices. Read more: > HERE <

    Turmeric: The Ayurvedic Spice of Life

    Great Healers, in one form or another they are sought out by all of us. Somewhere inside we all seek balanced happy lives and so we seek that which will grant us health and joy. This article is about Turmeric, one of the planet’s great healers. This healer is not obscured in some esoterica and not distanced by a cosmic price tag. As usual with great healers, it is very close to you and readily accessible, in fact, it is probably in your house right now, though it may be hard to believe that such a common item is one of the world’s best all around herbs.

    Ayurveda is as full of commonsense as it is humming of the mystical and so, especially since it is an oral tradition, it is with the common people of India, like the spice sellers and the village mothers, that many traditions of herbal knowledge are learned and passed from elder to child for countless generations. In this way

    the ability of Turmeric is proven and its legacy grows. I have learned so much about ‘common’ herbs from ‘common’ people that I could never have learned elsewhere, a fact predicted by Paracelcus who in 1493 wrote:

    “The physician does not learn everything he must know and master from a high college alone. From time to time he must consult old women, gypsies, magicians, wayfarers and all manner of peasant folk and random people and learn from them, for these people have more knowledge about such things than all the high colleges.”

    A World of Turmeric

    “I have found a plant that has all the qualities of Saffron, but it is a root.”- (Marco Polo on Turmeric, 1280 AD)

    As far as documented evidence, it is used daily in India for at least 6000 years as a medicine, beauty aid, cooking spice, and a dye, though I am sure its use goes back at least 30,000 years. Ostensibly it was used to worship the Sun during the Solar period of India, a time when Lord Rama Chandra walked the Earth. Especially in South India, you can see people wearing a dried Turmeric rhizome bead the size of a large grape around their neck or arm. This is an ancient talisman tradition used to ward off evil and grant to the wearer healing and protection.

    Buddhist monks have used Turmeric as a dye for their robes for at least 2000 years. It was listed in an Assyrian herbal circa 600 BC and was mentioned by Dioscorides in the herbal that was thee Western herbal from the 1st to the 17th century.

    As mentioned above, Europe rediscovered it 700 years ago via Marco Polo and it is used in traditional Brazilian medicine as a potent anti-venom to neutralize the bleeding and lethal poison of Pit Vipers.

    For at least 1000 years Chinese Medicine has used Turmeric especially for the Spleen, Stomach, and Liver Meridians. They use it to stimulate and purify, and as an anti-biotic, anti-viral, and an analgesic. As such it is used to stimulate and strengthen the blood and decrease blood pressure, to clear abdominal pain and stagnation in men, women and children, and to remove stagnant Chi, the pain due to stagnant Chi, and excessive wind element. They consider it one of the better herbs for women because it stimulates the uterus and clears menstrual stagnation, dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea due to congested blood arising from a lack of heat or simply a deficiency.

    Personally, with the way that Turmeric can move the Chi, I use large therapeutic doses of Turmeric with Yin asanas as an herbal equivalent of an acupuncture session.

    Unani is the name of the ancient Persian system of medicine that has connected Ayurveda with the Greek Medicine for thousands of years. In visiting Unani Hakims from the Nile to the Narmada I have appreciated the way they keep their herbs cleaner than other herbalists. In Unani Turmeric is considered to be the safest herb of choice for all blood disorders since it purifies, stimulates, and builds blood. You have heard of the phrase „Hot to the 3rd degree.“

    When the ancient Polynesians made their fantastic voyages in canoes across the Pacific Ocean to Hawaii they took with them the roots, cuttings, and seeds of about 25 of their most valuable plants. Known as Olena, meaning yellow, Turmeric was one of these plants. Their tradition is carried on today by the Kahuna of Hawaii, the ‘Knowers of the Leaf’ or rhizomes as the case may be. As in other cultures, they use Olena as food, medicine, dye, and for ceremonial purification. The juice is used in earaches or to purify the sinuses via the nose. The root is also eaten to treat most pulmonary problems such as bronchitis or asthma. The Indian practice of applying the root paste to the face to cure any blemishes is popular in this tradition as well. For ceremonial purification prayers are chanted as the mixture of fresh Olena juice and sea water is sprinkled on people, places and objects to remove negativity and restore harmony. Read full article: > HERE <

    HILDEGARD OF BINGEN´s SPICE´s

    The Galangal plant (Galanga, Blue Ginger) is a rhizome with culinary and medicinal uses (Lao: „Kha“, Thai: ข่า „Kha“, Malay: lengkuas (Alpinia galangal), Traditional Mandarin: 南薑, Simplified Mandarin: 南姜, T:高良薑/S:高良姜, Cantonese: lam keong, 藍薑, Vietnamese: Riềng). It is used in various oriental cuisines (for example in Thai cuisine Tom Yum soups and Dtom Kha Gai, Vietnamese Huenian cuisine (Tre) and throughout Indonesian cuisine, for example, in Soto). Though it is related to and resembles ginger, there is little similarity in taste. Read More: > HERE <

    Galangal – was highly recommended by Hildegard of Bingen. She said that it was given by God to provide protection against illness. “The spice of life,” as she called galangal, appears in many Hildegard formulas.

    Hildegard regarded galangal mainly as a potent aid to digestion and quick reliever of pain, such as the pain associated with angina pectoris, heart attacks, and gall bladder symptoms. The heart symptoms are secondary to the gastric distress, which, if relieved, eases cardiac pressure. Hildegard wrote:

    “ Whoever has heart pain and is weak in the heart should instantly eat enough galangal, and he or she will be well again. [Physica] „

    Oil Of Galangal

    Galangal appears to have been used in China during antiquity. It is mentioned in the Ayur-Vedas of Susrutas,10) also by Plutarch.11) The Arabian physicians used it for medicinal purposes and thus, no doubt, assisted in its introduction into western Europe. Thus Rhazes, Avicenna, Alkindi1) and other physicians who lived during the 9. and 10. centuries, mention galangal in their writings as an esteemed remedy. Its importation is reported in the 9. century by the Arabian geographer Ibn Kurdadbah,’2) and in the beginning of the 12. century by the Sicilian geographer Edrisi,3) In the Delia decima etc., a commercial treatise of the first half of the 14. century by the Florentine merchant Pegolotti, galangal is described as occuring in two varieties, viz., the light and the heavy.4) Marco Polo reports on the cultivation of the plant in China and Java.5) In 1563 Garcia da Orta, a physician in Goa, describes two varieties of galangal, a smaller variety coming from China, and a larger one from Java.6) The first good illustration was published by Rumpf in 1754.7)

    > CHRISTSTOLLEN: > RECIPE <

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    > Meet Hildegard of Bingen, Friends, Studies, at fb <

    > Meet GOPIO Global Organ.of People of Indian Origin,Friends,at fb<

    > Meet CODEX ALIMENTARIUS friends and group at fb <

    The Codex Alimentarius (Latin for „food code“ or „food book“) is a collection of internationally recognized standards, codes of practice, guidelines and other recommendations relating to foods, food production and food safety. Its name derives from the Codex Alimentarius Austriacus.Its texts are developed and maintained by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, a body that was established in 1963 by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The Commission’s main aims are stated as being to protect the health of consumers and ensure fair practices in the international food trade. The Codex Alimentarius is recognized by the World Trade Organization as an international reference point for the resolution of disputes concerning food safety and consumer protection. Full Text > HERE <

    TRADITIONAL ISLAMIC MEDICINE

    14 Jahren
    by in Trad. & Indigenous Medicine, Yoga

    the founding members of the society

    > Kabir <  > Rumi <

    > Medicine in medieval Islam <

    > ISLAMIC MEDICINE <

    > ISHIM Society for Islamic Medicine <

    In the history of medicine, Islamic medicine or Arabic medicine refers to medicine developed in the medieval Islamic civilization and written in Arabic, the lingua franca of the Islamic civilization. Despite these names, a significant number of scientists during this period were not Arab. Some consider the label „Arab-Islamic“ as historically inaccurate, arguing that this label does not appreciate the rich diversity of Eastern scholars who have contributed to Islamic science in this era.[1] Latin translations of Arabic medical works had a significant influence on the development of modern medicine, as did Arabic texts chronicling the medical works of earlier cultures.

    The International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine

    There is a consensus amongst researchers of the history of medicine that early Arab and Muslim physicians had played a very important role in the development of medical science during the renaissance of Islamic civilization, which spanned for eight centuries. This was achieved through translating earlier medical and scientific scripts and developing these sciences in the light of their clinical expertise.

    Despite the above fact, it is well-known that, as yet, the full potential of the Islamic medical heritage has not been investigated in a way that shows its real role and importance in the development of modern medicine; especially its effect on the European Renaissance. So far, only a little part of this important heritage has been studied or come to light. Most of the scripts of Islamic medicine are dusting on the shelves of private and some public libraries around the world.

    In the light of this, a number of physicians, scholars and historians called for reviving this heritage on an international level. This is to be achieved through organization and teamwork. And this is how the idea of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine emerged.

    The first meeting of this society convened between 1-3 December 2000 in Doha (QATAR) and was chaired by HE Dr.H.A.Hajar Al-Binali, Minister of Health in Qatar. A number of physicians and historians have attended this meeting.

    > Meet Islamic Medicine, Cure, Friends, Hospital at facebook <

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    TRADITIONELLE MEDIZIN IN EUROPA

    14 Jahren
    by in Ayurveda, Buddha, Meditation, Medicine, Jyotish, Musik,-Takt & Tonlehre, Pflanzen&Gewürze, Tantra, TCM, Tai Chi & Health, Trad. & Indigenous Medicine, Yoga

    paracelsus

    > PARACELSUS < 

    > KRÄUTER ANNO 1625 <

    > PARACELSUS SCHULE <

    > MAGNETFELD THERAPIE <

    > PHYTHOLOGIE, BOTANIK <

    > KRÄUTERLEXIKON <

    > HISTORY OF GREEK MEDICINE <

    > TRADITIONAL GREEK MEDICINE <

    Paracelsus (born Phillip von Hohenheim, 11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln, Switzerland – 24 September 1541 in Salzburg, Austria) was a Renaissance physician, botanist, alchemist, astrologer, and general occultist. Born Phillip von Hohenheim, he later took up the name Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim, and still later took the title Paracelsus, meaning „equal to or greater than Celsus“, a Roman encyclopedist, Aulus Cornelius Celsus from the first century known for his tract on medicine.He is also credited for giving zinc its name, calling it zincum and is regarded as the first systematic botanist

    GERMAN PHYSICIAN, ALCHEMIST, AND SCIENTIST

    1493–1541

    Paracelsus was born Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim.

    He was a contemporary of Martin Luther and > Nicolaus Copernicus <.  He adopted his pseudonym based on his assertion that he was a better physician than Celsus, the first century C.E. Roman author on medicine acclaimed in Renaissance Europe (he was „Para-Celsus,“ or beyond Celsus).

    His self-promotion as „The Most Highly Experienced and Illustrious Physician … “ has given us the word „bombastic,“ derived from his birth name.

    Paracelsus gained his early medical knowledge from his father, who was a physician. He followed this education with formal medical training at the University of Ferrara in Italy. Finding his formal training disappointing, Paracelsus embarked on a life of travel and study combined with medical practice. According to Paracelsus, he collected medical knowledge anywhere he could find it without regard to academic authority.

    He acknowledged his consultations with peasants, barbers, chemists, old women, quacks, and magicians. Paracelsus developed his notions of disease and treatment away from any established medical faculty and promoted the idea that academic medical training had reached a state deeply in need of reform.

    Paracelsus believed in the four „Aristotelian“ elements of earth, air, fire, and water. His medical theory was based on the notion that earth is the fundamental element of existence for humans and other living things. Paracelsus believed that earth generated all living things under the rule of three „principles“: salt, sulfur, and mercury. He therefore believed these substances to be very potent as chemical reactants, as poisons, and as medical treatments. Read More about Aristoteles: >HERE <

     

    THE AGAMIC TRADITION AND THE ARTS – (tantrah.)

    Mahabhutas in Sangita-Sastra

    With Special Reference to Yoga and Ayurveda

    Prem Lata Sharma

    The five elements have been said here to be the manifestation of Siva, the Supreme Being.

    An enquiry into the role of Mahabhutas in Music is essentially a quest for the relationship between the ‚outer‘, ‚inner‘, and what is beyond the two. Roughly, the human organism is the ‚inner‘, whatever is outside the body is the ‚outer‘ and both are closely interrelated. 

    That which permeates both of them and is yet intangible is beyond them. In understanding the ‚inner‘, both Yoga, and, Ayurveda have made a deep study of the psycho-physical centres in the human body as well as the physiological structure of the body in terms of the Mahabhutas.

    The unity of the ‚inner‘ and the ‚outer‘ has been established by expounding that the sense-organs, their objects and their functions are all manifestations of the Mah¡bh£tas. The following passage from Sa´g¢ta-Ratn¡kara makes this very clear.

    The Sangita-Ratnakara (1.2.56c-71b) describes the structure and functions of the human body in terms of the five Mahabhutas as follows: >>> H E R E <<<

    RAJA DEEKSHITHAR: ( http://rajadeekshithar.com/ )

    …“ Education: Proposed PhD on the Panca Mahabhuta or Primordial Elements in Indian Traditions under Professor Dr.Ria Kloppenborg of the Department for Religious Studies, Faculty of Theology of the University of Utrecht in The Netherlands. This PhD could not be completed because of the untimely passing away of Professor Kloppenborg (2002-2004)…“

     

    “ The mahabhutas in cidambaram and ancient temples „

    GROSS ELEMENTS IN YOGA, AYURVEDA, HINDUISM, BUDDHISM:

    MahÄbhūta is Sanskrit and PÄli for „great element.“ In Hinduism, the five „great“ or „gross“ elements are ether, air, fire, water and earth. In Buddhism, the „four great elements“ (Pali: cattÄro mahÄbhūtÄni) are earth, water, fire and air.

    In Hinduism’s sacred literature, the „great“ or „gross“ elements (mahÄbhūta) are fivefold: space (or „ether“), air, fire, water and earth.

    For instance, the TaittirÄya Upaniṣad describes the five „sheaths“ of a person (Sanskrit: puruṣa), starting with the grossest level of the five evolving great elements:

    From this very self (Ätman) did space come into being; from space, air; from air, fire; from fire, the waters, from the waters, the earth; from the earth, plants; from plants, food; and from food, man…. Different from and lying within this man formed from the essence of food is the self (Ätman) consisting of lifebreath…. Different from and lying within this self consisting of breath is the self (Ätman) consisting of mind…. Different from and lying within this self consisting of mind is the self (Ätman) consisting of perception…. Different from and lying within this self consisting of perception is the self (Ätman) consisting of bliss….

    In Buddhism, the four Great Elements (Pali: cattÄro mahÄbhūtÄni) are earth, water, fire and air. MahÄbhūta is generally synonymous with catudhÄtu, which is PÄli for the „Four Elements.“ In early Buddhism, the Four Elements are a basis for understanding and for liberating oneself from suffering. They are categories used to relate to the sensible physical world, and are conceived of not as substances, but as sensorial qualities.

    In the Pali canon, the most basic elements are usually identified as four in number but, on occasion, a fifth and, to an even lesser extent, a sixth element may be also be identified.

    Read Full Text: > HERE <

     

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    INDOGENOUS AUSTRALIAN MEDICINE

    15 Jahren
    by in Pflanzen&Gewürze, Trad. & Indigenous Medicine

    tea-tree

    > TEA TREE OIL <

    >TRADITIONAL ABORIGINAL MEDICINE <

    > HANDBOOK OF MEDICAL PLANTS <

    > ABORIGINAL ART <

    > ABORIGINAL BUSH MEDICINE <

    > DEUTSCHES ÄRZTEBLATT: „Health Service“<

    Indigenous Australians are the original inhabitants of the Australian continent and nearby islands, and these peoples‘ descendants.Indigenous Australians are distinguished as either Aboriginal people or Torres Strait Islanders, who currently together make up about 2.6% of Australia’s population.

    The Torres Strait Islanders are indigenous to the Torres Strait Islands which are at the northern-most tip of Queensland near Papua New Guinea. The term „Aboriginal“ has traditionally been applied to indigenous inhabitants of mainland Australia, Tasmania, and some of the other adjacent islands. The use of the term is becoming less common, with names preferred by the various groups becoming more common.

    > REAL AUSTRALIA <

    Aboriginal people traditionally were much healthier than they are today. Living in the open in a land largely free from disease, they benefited from a better diet, more exercise, less stress, a more supportive society and a more harmonious world view.

    Nonetheless, Aboriginal peoples often had need of bush medicines. Sleeping at night by fires meant they sometimes suffered from burns. Strong sunshine and certain foods caused headaches, and eye infections were common. Feasting on sour fruits or rancid meat caused digestive upsets, and although tooth decay was not a problem, coarse gritty food sometimes wore teeth down to the nerves. Aborigines were also occasionally stung by jellyfish or bitten by snakes and spiders. In the bush there was always a chance of injury, and fighting usually ended in severe bruises and gashes.

    To deal with such ailments, Aboriginal people used a range of remedies – wild herbs, animal products, steam baths, clay pits, charcoal and mud, massages, string amulets and secret chants and ceremonies.

    friend

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